The second is to assess the effects of both stochastic fluctuations and systematic bias on the robustness of estimated times.
We employed six DNA markers to increase character number, and analyzed the data using both MP and ML, so stochastic and systematic errors can both be excluded as reasons for the gene-tree conflicts observed.
Their results showed heterogeneities and clustering of spheres due to stochastic and systematic variations of the blood flow.
For convenience, it is assumed that measurement error, that is, stochastic and systematic variation in <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004852.e008.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> irrelevant to the hydrodynamics, is negligible; this implies that a, b, c, and ψ are realized values, not estimates.
Given the intrinsic uncertainty in solving phylogenetic relationships from limited (in size and numbers) samples, it is necessary to assume that phylogenetic estimates are subject to stochastic and systematic errors [ 1].
Phi29 polymerase, for example, leads to stochastic and systematic biases that can impact resulting coverage [ 13], while some high-fidelity polymerases (e.g., TAKARA) enrich for rare sequences and others (e.g., PfuTurbo) do not [ 11, 15].
The experimental model used in Genes@Work determines p-values based on a multi-tissue model derived from replicate measurements on Affymetrix chips to assess stochastic and systematic (handling) errors in microarray data analysis.
A generalized H∞-norm for systems with stochastic parameters and both stochastic and deterministic inputs is derived.
Under this view, both stochastic and deterministic processes interact to determine ant community assembly.
Bio-PEPA is used to simulate (M,R) in both stochastic and deterministic ways.
