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Austin et al. [57] showed that direct microstimulation (50 ms pulse trains: 0.3 ms pulses, 300 Hz, ∼2.3mA) of the rat motor cortex evoked a significant increase in BOLD-activity in both stimulated and contralateral cortices and in some experiments a higher percent signal change in the contralateral motor cortex.
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Of special interest for the present study, is the finding that electrical stimulation can lead to orthodromic activation of afferent nerve fibers which can in turn lead to release of SP and changes in both the stimulated and contralateral muscles [ 54].
Following the acute bout of contractions, stimulated and contralateral muscles were rapidly removed, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until processed.
For each muscle compartment, two sample pairs of stimulated and nonstimulated contralateral control muscles from Protocols 1 and 2, respectively, were analyzed on a same blot.
In a study of interhemispheric interactions during unilateral movements, Kičić et al. (2008) stimulated in separate sessions both the ipsi- and contralateral motor cortices.
This is both stimulating and somewhat enervating.
TMS produced a differential effect on blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes both in the stimulated area, and in the contralateral right PMd and M1.
In two monkeys, we inserted a pair of concentric stimulating electrodes (NEX-100; Clark Electromedical Instruments, Reading, UK), one on either side of the optic chiasm, and measured the latencies of evoked action potentials (spikes) in the LGN to both ipsilateral and contralateral electrical stimulation (constant current pulses of 0.5 10 mA and duration 100 200 μs at 0.25 1 Hz).
From the direct comparison of the left-foot versus the right-foot stimulation, significant activations were observed in the superior part of SI and in the neighboring motor or parietal region and insula in the stimulated foot's contralateral hemisphere and in the ipsilateral cerebellar anterior lobe (Lobule V).
As hypothalamic abnormalities are contralateral to the side of pain in HC, it could be speculated that in HC, hypothalamus stimulate contralateral and suppress the ipsilateral trigeminal autonomic reflex.
In conclusion, we show that the tachykinin system is up-regulated both in the exercised/electrically stimulated side and in the contralateral non-experimental side in the currently used rabbit model of muscle overuse.
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