It was hoped that these guidelines would become a valued resource for maternity care providers and that they might facilitate both standardisation of existing local education programs and the development of new resources.
The choice of the instrument was to facilitate both local and international comparisons given standardisation, and to enable both physician and software assessments in the first instance (27).
First, we rehearse some well-known problems with both direct and indirect standardisation, and then we propose a new approach which overcomes the problem with direct standardisation.
It was concluded that the changes in the institutional landscape of standardisation in the ICT sector represent a challenge both for the theory of standardisation and for the development of adequate methodologies to assess their impacts.
In particular, the approval of a green tea extract (Veregen®) as a drug in the USA and some European countries indicates that, although "new" botanical drugs pose many challenges for both industry and regulatory agencies, standardisation and stringent regulation of these complex drugs are achievable [ 75].
We calculated the age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer for both males and females (using direct standardisation) and compared them for each population.
Future clinical trial design in SLE and lupus nephritis may be guided by the key working groups of experts, including the European League Against Rheumatism task force, in order to achieve standardisation and to continually apply lessons from both clinical and trial experience.
In the models that constitute the main analysis, we made allowances for both the age sex structure of the underlying population, through indirect standardisation, and the key confounder of deprivation, measured at the small-area (LSOA) level.
Both countries utilised national template contracts which imposed a measure of standardisation and set limits on variation in local agreements.
However they also highlighted a tension between standardisation and individualisation, cautioning that too much detail might become both restrictive and prescriptive.
