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Linear halogen lamps were arranged in two parallel rows on both sides of samples to enable faster temperature growth (up to 70°С/s) and reduced thermal gradients that produce thermal-mechanical stresses.
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Next, four paths, parallel to each other, were melted on both sides of the samples using a laser beam.
Both sides of the samples were modified.
(a) Porous silicon formed on both sides of the samples.
As another pair of electrodes, both sides of the samples were coated with silver paste as shown in Fig. 1 of Nam et al. (2015).
Both sides of the samples were then capped with a 250-nm-thick SiO2 layer using e-beam evaporation and heated in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) chamber under an N2 atmosphere at 900°C for 2 min in order to diffuse the phosphorus resulting in an n+-Si emitter approximately 0.4 μm in thickness.
Both sides of the samples were sterilized by ultraviolet irradiation before use.
As curing of the dental composites starts from the illuminated surface (in our case both sides of the sample), it is expected that also inhomogeneous hardening of the sample over depth is present during curing.
Mylar foil was applied on both sides of the sample, and a double Mylar film was used as the background sample.
However, this type of transmission arrangement is only suitable for thin samples such as the mouse ear or ex vivo specimens that permit access to both sides of the sample.
To measure ACA, 6 μl water droplet was gently settled on the sample surface using an automatic deposition system and contact angles were evaluated for both sides of the sample plate using the Win Drop++ program.
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