The dedifferentiation markers vimentin, αSMA and PCNA showed changes in protein levels similar to YAP during recovery in both rat models (compare Figures 2e and 2f with Figures 2a and 2b).
There is a growing understanding that insulin resistance may mediate the relationship between chronic high-fat diets and reduced cognition, both in rat models and in humans with type 2 diabetes, while at the same time contributing to cardiovascular disease, depression and hypertension [ 35].
Elevated levels of hyaluronan in renal tissue were reported in several kidney diseases in both rat models, for example ischemia-reperfusion injury, and human diseases, for example DN, renal transplant rejection and kidney stone formation [ 94].
Many of these pathways are also upregulated in rat models and in humans with DN.
In the present paper we have sought to characterize the non-uniform distribution geometry using fluorescent nanoparticles in both a rat model and computer simulations.
Since a loss of dendritic spines on striatopallidal neurons has recently been reported both in the 6-OHDA rat model and in postmortem samples from PD patients [26], [27], we examined if our proteomic data could be explained at least in part by comparable changes.
In both wild-type rat models of NPH and in human NPH patients therefore, CSF clearance of potentially toxic solutes like Aβ is significantly reduced, resulting in the accumulation of these molecules in brain parenchyma.
The Zucker obese rat and Goto-kakizaki (GK) rat are both established rat models of T2DM.
In particular, inhibitory [Thr855] phosphorylation of MYPT (the target of RhoA/ROK) is reduced in both an endotoxaemic rat model [35] and a caecal ligation and puncture mouse model [36].
The main advantages of the well-established CCl4 model include convenience and establishment of both mouse and rat models with evidence of fibrosis/cirrhosis across routes of CCl4 administration.
