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Cell-extrinsic mechanisms, including inflammation and prion-like spreading, are proposed to have both protective and deleterious functions in Parkinson's disease.
Finally, we examine the dual nature of autophagy in the lung, which has both protective and deleterious effects resulting from adaptive and maladaptive responses, and the challenge this duality poses for designing autophagy-based diagnostic and therapeutic targets in lung disease.
Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to have both protective and deleterious functions.
When it is possible that both protective and deleterious variants are present, we found it useful to sign variants (although little difference between stepwise and signed stepwise).
Signing variants greatly improved the efficiency when both protective and deleterious variants are present, although some efficiency was lost when only deleterious alleles were present.
One possible explanation for the lack of clear effect is that C.jejuni-induced NF-κB activity initiates both protective and deleterious host responses in this model.
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These findings may reflect a survival effect or may suggest that once an older person reaches a very advanced age in a dementia-free state, then both the protective and deleterious effects of the APOE genotype may be outweighed by other more powerful genetic or environ mental factors.
These results imply both a potentially protective and deleterious role for Hirano bodies.
Grivennikov, S. I. et al. Distinct and nonredundant in vivo functions of TNF produced by T cells and macrophages/neutrophils: protective and deleterious effects.
For this purpose we performed an analysis of the associated SNPs, conditioning on the alleles of the protective and deleterious haplotypes which are primarily associated (see the paragraph "Analysis of the ancestral haplotypes").
The first intensive studies to evaluate the evolution of these lesions were performed by Kischner et al., who attempted to simulate the induction of solid and necrotic granulomas, corresponding to protective and deleterious responses respectively, in macaques infected with M. tuberculosis [9].
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