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For the population comparison, both populations were raised together in common garden tanks (Wark et al. 2011).
Because both populations were raised in a common environment during our experiment, a genetically-based process must be responsible for this variation in the propensity to gregarise.
Because locusts from both populations were raised in a common environment during our experiment, a genetically-based process must be responsible for the observed variation in the propensity to express phase change.
Furthermore, because we used a "common garden" experimental design in which flies from both populations were raised under identical conditions for multiple generations prior to RNA extraction, we can assume that the differences in expression have an underlying genetic basis and are not the result of phenotypic plasticity.
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This could be due to a loss of central memory cells or their redistribution to lymphoid tissue but our data suggest that it is likely to be due to an accumulation of effector (CD45RA-CCR7) and stable memory (CD45RA+CCR7-) T cells, as the proportions of both populations are raised in the CMV seropositive compared to the CMV seronegative individuals (see Table 3).
For the first time, the prospect of a practical drive mechanism for the genetic manipulation of pest populations is raised.
Achievement among black and Hispanic populations was raised close to the level of white and Asian students.
Recently, the possibility that, at least in a clinical setting, the verification phase would be "unrealistic and unethical in certain patient populations" was raised [63].
When laboratory populations are raised at warm temperatures, Adh-S increases in frequency (e.g., Van Delden, 1984).
In a common garden study, individuals from separate populations are raised under identical conditions in either a laboratory or natural setting (Conover and Schultz 1995).
The relative contributions of plasticity and genetically based differences can be disentangled by experimental studies where sympatric and non-sympatric populations are raised under various environmental conditions and, additionally, in a common garden design.
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