Males from different populations differed significantly in their competitive sperm competition success, both in terms of sperm defense and offense (see Additional file 1: Table S3).
In both data sets, the sampled populations differed significantly in their total amount of pheromone (data set 1: ANOVA, F5,254 = 6.66, p < 0.01; data set 2: ANOVA, F4,128 = 3.99, p < 0.01).
The sample populations differed significantly by student characteristics and external factors, possibly contributing to differences in the findings.
In contrast, when focussing on population density as an endpoint to measure population-level effects, simulated treatment populations differed significantly from control populations until several months after treatment.
Surprisingly, morphometric analyses indicated that these two populations differed significantly in sexually monomorphic adult wing shape but differed only moderately in sexually dimorphic male forefemur shape, and not at all in male genital clasper shape.
As expected, the two study populations differed significantly in age, weight, temperature and parasite density but not in mean haemoglobin concentration (Table 1).
Populations differed significantly in body mass at the beginning the experiment (ANOVA for mass at beginning of the experiment and at stage 42: both p<0.001) but not at metamorphosis (ANOVA at stage 46: p = 0.144; Figure 1).
Genetic differentiaton within BC populations was low to moderate and significant for ∼31% of all pairwise comparisons, while all 12 populations differed significantly from NC and SC (Table 3), further emphasising the genetic distinctiveness of the three regions.
populations differed significantly from the An.
Bacterial populations differed significantly between the two host genera but not between species within a genus.
