Most notably, many stocks were at very low population densities at the time moratoria were imposed, and this could certainly have plastic effects on life history traits.
Finally, we use the model to explore fishing-induced genetic and plastic effects on growth and maturation traits, recruitment, and harvest sustainability.
It is notable that fishing-induced plastic effects on growth were in an opposing direction to evolutionary effects; i.e., while fishing-induced selection favored slow growth rates (lower K and higher Lmax), plastic effects increased growth rates.
The PMRNs used here do not account for other potential plastic effects on maturation, such as effects of variation in ambient temperature or fish condition (e.g. Dieckmann and Heino 2007; Marshall and McAdam 2007).
Although the improvements seen were modest, this result suggests that cognitive training benefits PD-MCI patients, possibly by reinforcing cognitive strategies, or improving cognitive reserve, which could be due to plastic effects on the underlying neural networks.
This study revealed both an origin (genetic) and environmental (plastic) effect on growth, and suggested a possible origin-environment interaction.
We investigate this in particular for alloys, systems with elastic, viscoelastic and plastic effects, mainly based on analytical and numerical investigations in one dimension.
We next note that plastic effects of bear predation on senescence are unlikely to be strong.
To further examine whether DN-Dmp53 expression turning on or off at day 20 has plastic, reversible effects on mortality, we compared age-specific mortality trajectories between cohorts.
We hypothesized that harvest via different size-limits and fishing intensities would induce differential plastic and genetic effects on growth and maturation traits and that environmental stochasticity might dilute both plastic and genetic effects of fishing.
