The effects of genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interaction determine the phenotypic performance and its general and specific adaptation to different environmental conditions (Balakrishnan et al. 2016).
The Hasawi allele increased the overall phenotypic performance and reduced SES visual scores at five loci except qSES1.5, where the allelic effect comes from IR29 (Table 2).
We considered (i) the selection intensity for reference sires (highest ranking, or from the top sixth or top third of available candidates), (ii) the criteria on which reference sires were chosen (BLUP breeding value or phenotypic performance), and (iii) the extent to which the reference sires were used.
This information was compared to (i) hybrid phenotypic performance and (ii) Z2 transformation.
The first approach, termed gene-to-phenotype, is typified by that of many "omics -based studies where the effects omics -basedgenestudiesenotypic performance and fitness are evaluated (e.g., a reverse genetics approach, [ 16]).
The parents and RILs were analysed for their phenotypic performance under ambient and heat stress environments.
Interactions between genotype and environment (G × E) for feed intake and phenotypic performance are becoming increasingly important as cattle genotypes are now being managed in a diverse range of environments worldwide.
In this circumstance, retraining to improve the accuracy of genomic prediction is not an option as no party has access to both the genotypes and EPD or phenotypic performance of the genotyped individuals.
We then partition variation in embryonic phenotypic performance to maternal, paternal, and parental interactions using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) model.
Table 1 shows averages of phenotypic performance for the Merino and crossbred animals.> -wrap-foot> BL*Merino = crossbreds of Border Leicester and Merino, PD*Merino = crossbreds of Poll Dorset and Merino, WS*Merino = crossbreds of White Suffolk and Merino.
