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However, Wnt3a and activinA, both of which induce mesoderm production in vitro [23] [25], were shown to have different effects on PGC specification (Fig. 5A,B).
The MAPK pathway is deregulated in many human malignancies through aberrant signaling upstream of the protein and by activating mutations of the protein itself, both of which induce a proliferative advantage.
Moreover, lethality induced by doxorubicin (DOX) is mediated indirectly by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within the mitochondrion or through inhibition of topoisomerase II both of which induce DSB damage.
However, clinical drugs affecting DNA methylation are limited to 5-azacytidine (Vidaza) and its derivative 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine, Dacogen), both of which induce DNA hypomethylation (reviewed in [32]).
Yokukansan reduced the cell death caused by TG and hypoxia, both of which induce ER stress via abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis, but were unable to protect against neural toxicity caused by STS, a mitochondrial stress inducer.
carotovorum and spores of B. cinerea, both of which induce a hypersensitive response (HR) in flowering plants and P. patens [ 24, 26, 55, 56].
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Withanolides comprise a family of C28 plant steroids many of which induce apoptosis in several tumor cell lines.
p57KIP2 expression can enhance cell death induced by staurosporine (STS) and DNA damaging agents such as etoposide and cisplatin, all of which induce apoptotic mitochondrial events.
We found that BMD stimulates the production of NGF, BDNF and bFGF, all of which induce RGC survival, in Müller glial cells.
TRPA1 is activated by bradykinin and by pungent ingredients of mustard oil, garlic, and others, all of which induce an acute painful burning or pricking sensation [ 31].
We're now also infecting mice with clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis, some of which induce more type I interferon than the regular lab strain.
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