But that pattern is superimposed on the effects of a confluence of helpful tailwinds.One of these was a benign macroeconomic environment; in the 2000s interest rates were low and capital flowed freely.
A backdrop of inflation tailwinds from declining food and fuel prices, falling unemployment and signs of wage growth finally returning, create a benign outlook for the UK economy in 2015.
"As well as discounts – store prices were 3.3% lower than a year ago in November amid aggressive Black Friday promotions – consumer spending is being driven by a host of other tailwinds.
"2008 was full of many tailwinds, while 2009 faces many headwinds.
A new study shows that they do it quickly and under their own steam, without the help of upslope tailwinds thought to loft them over the sky-high peaks.
But they were able to take advantage of strong tailwinds to snow-kite half the total for 17 hours straight, covering a distance of 174 miles (281km) - roughly the equivalent of London to Manchester.
Conversely, these trade winds result in a high incidence of tailwinds during autumn migration, which may explain the absence of increased mortality during autumn migration.
"This is a real world channel that can have a lot of tailwinds if we can bring these great modern technologies to it which is what we're doing".
There are a number of tailwinds blowing in the direction of change.
"The key debate around Ford continues to be the sustainability of — or potential for improvement in — Ford North America pretax profits, especially in light of tailwinds from pricing and what may turn out to be lower than previously guided headwinds from commodities and structural costs," Mr. Johnson wrote.
