However, identification of HSCs following expansion is complicated by changes in both surface marker expression and stem cell activity during the culture.
Thus, the β cells converted after Fbw7 loss in the adult pancreatic ducts show both the characteristic marker expression and functionality of mature β cells.
A long-standing goal in the field has been the identification of phenotypically and functionally pure HSCs, both in terms of cell surface marker expression and regenerative capacity upon transplantation.
We showed that HIDEMs are comparable to mesoangioblasts in their surface marker expression and that both cell populations respond to stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines consistently with increased expression of HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, PD-L1 and low level expression of CD40.
However, TGF-β increased chondrogenic marker expression and suppressed adipogenic marker expression on soft substrates, while adipogenic medium and soft substrates induced adipogenic differentiation effectively.
These cells are known to display key features of MSCs like CD73, CD90 and CD105 surface marker expression and osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation19.
Supplementary Figures 2 6 show key results (cell clusters, marker expression, and cell type assignments) in identifying the major cell types, endothelial, epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune sub-populations.
The endocardium shares all these properties with arterial endothelium, including the arterial marker expression and exposure to the haemodynamic stresses and nitric oxide.
These results demonstrate that mMSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions classify as mesenchymal stem cells by cell surface marker expression and properly undergo tri-lineage differentiation.
Retinoic acid treatment induced differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells, which led to the loss of CSC marker expression and the retardation of tumor growth through Notch signaling inhibition24.
