6 µg seasonal influenza vaccine or 7.5 µg 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine (in 150 µl sterile PBS, pH 7.4) per mouse was injected from the quadriceps muscles of both legs using a 29-gauge needle (BD) with each leg receiving half of the vaccine administrated.
Transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) was measured at the ankle of both legs using a transcutaneous oxygen monitor (Model PF-5000; Perimed, North Royalton, OH).
Systolic blood pressure was measured in a supine position after a 5-min rest in the brachial artery of both arms and the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries of both legs, using a continuous Doppler device.
A standardized drill-hole defect (2.5 mm diameter, 2 mm depth, and approximately 10 mm total volume) was created in the proximal tibia secondary spongiosa of both legs using a dental burr under saline irrigation.
16 Muscle strength was determined by the same experienced technician through measurement of the maximal isometric strength of ankle dorsiflexors, knee extensors, and hip abductors in both legs using a hand-held dynamometer, ie, the Nicholas manual muscle tester (Lafayette Instruments, Lafayette, IN), as described previously.
Muscle strength was assessed by an objective method: determination of the maximal isometric strength of the ankle dorsiflexers, knee extensors, and hip abductors on both legs using a hand held dynamometer – the Nicholas Manual Muscle Tester (NMMT; Lafayette Instruments, Lafayette, IN). 26 One experienced technician (BK) performed all strength assessments on 53 elderly women.
Assisted active range of motion (ROM) was measured in both legs using goniometry, following a standardized protocol [ 21].
He had to amputate Loescher's legs, using a saw.
Users would transition from a wheelchair, then control the legs using a joystick and control pad.
A PLR was then performed by elevating the legs using a standardized 30° foam wedge (RayShield® AADCO Medical Inc., Vermont).
Lin et al. proposed a wheel-leg hybrid robot that can change the morphology of full-circle wheels into half-circle legs using a transformation mechanism [17, 18].
