However, we also conclude that linking EDs to the outcomes observed in mammalian species, or other testing protocols, is necessary to buttress epidemiological results, both at the ultimate end point level and at intermediate end points leading to it.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two hormone replacement therapies on the intermediate end points of coronary heart disease and mammary gland hyperplasia in postmenopausal monkeys.
Moreover, they could give insights for the intermediate end points in clinical trials [ 56].
Including intermediate end points in a BAR design has been considered by Berry et al (2010).
The need for intermediate end points to evaluate treatment effects early in time is urgently required.
Does diabetes prevention, he asked, reduce microvascular disease, decrease CVD risk factors, reduce intermediate end points, or decrease events?
Intermediate end points, in particular progression-free survival (PFS), have been generally used as a surrogate for OS.
Surrogate end points are intermediate end points, that should be related with the main end point and could represent a preliminary index of the final outcome.
Lipids, as risk factors, are intermediate end points and may not correlate with the clinically relevant end points of the incidence of cardiovascular events in long-term studies.
In addition, we will collect data on intermediate end points, including non-invasive haemodynamics, and the prevalence of clinical cardiovascular end organ damage.
