Large heavy chains comprise the bulk of the dynein complexes and confer motor activity, whereas the intermediate and light chains are accessory subunits that bind cargo.
Retrograde transport in neurons is powered by the cytoplasmic dynein complex, a macromolecular structure that contains different heavy, intermediate and light dynein polypeptides.
The cytoplasmic dynein complex is composed of heavy, intermediate and light chains and is a microtubule-based minus end-directed molecular motor that is responsible for stable kinetochore microtubule attachment, orientation and alignment.
Cytoplasmic dynein consists of heavy, light, intermediate, and intermediate light chains in addition to several regulatory subunits [ 33].
CDyn is composed of multiple protein subunits including heavy (DHC) intermediate (DIC), and light (DLC) subunits, among others.
The motor for retrograde IFT is cytoplasmic dynein 2, which in almost all organisms investigated contains dynein heavy chains, intermediate chains, and light-intermediate chains that are specific to this dynein, as well as light chains that are shared with other oligomeric dyneins.
Since plants growing in sunny environments produce more shoots than those in intermediate and low light, leaf exposure is reduced.
Full protein sequences of intermediate chains (ICs), light intermediate chains (LICs) and light chains (LCs) were obtained from Ensembl database to check for PPP1 binding motifs.
The volcanic activity from Ice Peak during this period produced both basic and intermediate to light-coloured lava flows and pyroclastic rocks which mixed with meltwater to produce debris flows.
Dyneins are multi-subunit protein complexes with two or three heavy chains (DHCs), light chains, light intermediate, and intermediate chains [ 19].
