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The next morning (day 23) both groups of bees were subjected to another three trials each.
After 3 hours the entire procedure was repeated for both groups of bees.
Both groups of bees learned to respond to the rewarded odorant during training, irrespective of the presence or absence of electric shocks during conditioning (Fig. 4; F5,390 = 33.18, p<0.0001).
To verify these conclusions, we computed for each bee and at each trial a delta value resulting from the difference between its response to the CS+ and to the CS−. Figure 2b shows the Δ values for both groups of bees, both for acquisition and retention.
Both groups of bees (quinine group and water group) learned the task as their acquisition curves significantly increased during the three blocks of 5 trials (Fig. 2b; ANOVA for repeated measurements; N = 18 bees; block effect: F2,32 = 12.7, p<0.001).
In the test comparing the CS+ and the novel stimulus (NS), both groups of bees preferred the CS+ to the NS (quinine group: 76.6±2.2% correct choices, t8 = 11.2, p<0.001, black bar in Fig. 2c 'appetitive test'; water group: 76.3±4.5%, t8 = 5.4, p<0.005, white bar in Fig. 2c 'appetitive test').
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In both experiments the three groups of bees were inoculated with C. bombi as described above and individually kept in Petri dishes under three types of diet (each diet consisted of two solutions dispensed by two different Eppendorf tubes): Control Group: 30% sucrose only in both dispensers (Suc-Suc group); Exp.
While the moth moved from puddle to puddle with groups of bees, other butterflies kept their distance from the bees.
Additional studies in which larger groups of bees are caged outside the hive are necessary, to fully understand the influence of worker number on social synchronization.
Unemployed bees consist of two groups of bees: onlooker bees and scouts.
ABCA simulates the foraging behavior of a bee colony into three groups of bees: employed bees, onlooker bees, and scout bees.
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