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Spatial distribution methods revealed a tendency toward clumping in both forest types, and both had similar size class structures, suggesting that both environments are suitable for C. guianensis.
As expected, several species were restricted to continuous forest, but many species occurred in both forest types, and some species were only found in fragments.
While 11 of the 12 species occurred in both forest types and could be compared with respect to flooding tolerance, Cordia sellowiana was abundant in the NAF plots but completely absent from the AF plots.
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Understory structure was influenced by both forest type and landscape location (Table 3).
Mammal abundance was affected by hunting pressure, whereas mammalian biomass of which was largely driven by ungulates, was significantly influenced by both forest type and hunting pressure.
Also, significant differences were found in bare soil and vegetation for both forest type and location, with significantly lower bare soil and higher vegetation in deciduous forests than in mixed and evergreen, as well as in mountain than in coast location.
Additionally, vegetation and soil carbon stocks were analysed and compared for both forest types (ravine and ridge forest).
The top soil (0 30 cm) from both forest types was sandy clay loam and became sandy clay below 150 cm.
Bamboo grows in both forest types, as do tropical hardwoods, such as teak, rosewood, and padauk.
Despite their differences, both forest types contribute to people's experience of forest environments and to the sustainability of forests within New Zealand.
When the tree species were grouped by their forest type preference (Fig. 5), the five AF species showed almost no differences in dynamic properties between forest types; they had slightly higher mortality rates than recruitment rates in both forest types.
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