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Many of the reactions were also up-regulated in both flux and expression in anaerobic conditions compared to aerobic under nitrogen limitation.
Many of the steps in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway were found to be down-regulated in both flux and expression in carbon limited conditions as compared with nitrogen limited conditions.
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Only invertase in sucrose metabolism shows down-regulation in both flux and gene expression, confirming that rice preferably utilizes SUS to metabolize sucrose under anaerobic conditions.
Most of the reactions in the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and the pentose phosphate pathway show down-regulation in both flux and gene expression under anaerobic conditions while several reactions of sucrose metabolism including sucrose synthase (SUS), fructokinase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase are significantly up-regulated at the transcriptional level (Fig. 1).
These involve modeling, flux analysis, and expression analysis followed by the targeted deletion or altered expression of key genes.
While the overall correlation between reaction flux and gene expression is moderate at best [ 34], increased expression of all genes participating in a particular pathway can be considered a good indication of increased flux [ 68].
Briefly, if the flux and gene expression (for both up- and down-regulated) significantly changes in the same direction, the corresponding enzyme is classified as 'transcriptionally regulated'.
The correlation of predicted flux and gene expression level is highly significant, and a large number of genes exhibit very high correlation (33% of genes; r > 0.5).
Ionomycin was also shown to be able to induce calcium flux and thus expression of the T-cell CD7 gene [ 31].
Among the remaining 14, 5 were oppositely correlated between flux and gene expression, indicating that these enzymes are most likely to be metabolically regulated.
Analyzing high-flux reactions and expression of encoding genes resulted in a correlated and quantitative link between these sets, with strain-specific caveats.
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