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The remaining items were considered to substantively require both elevation and shape.
If this prediction is correct, participants in both language conditions should show improvements across both elevation and shape items.
Apparently, instruction focusing attention using pointing and tracing gestures to highlight contour lines improved participants' performance on the TMA overall, on both elevation and shape items.
That is, drawing attention to a contour line may not only highlight it, but also segment groups of contour lines, thus affecting both elevation and shape understanding.
By highlighting individual contour lines, which encode categories of elevation values, within meaningful patterns of contour lines, which encode terrain shape, the novices may have been better able to make sense and extract useful information about both elevation and shape from the topographic maps, and to ignore the irrelevant information.
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Thus, facilitating topographic map comprehension probably requires explicitly communicating both elevation information and shape information, as we did in Experiment 1.
It is also important to note that elevation and shape of air intake may have a significant influence on stress distribution of the structure.
To assess how the language intervention influenced spatial learning, we ran a two-factor ANOVA with group (Elevation Language group and Shape Language group) as a between-subjects factor and item-type (elevation and shape) as a within-subjects factor for the 22 TMA items where there was majority agreement on coding (shown in Fig. 8).
In this analysis (again using majority coding), group (Pointing and Tracing and 3D Gestures and Models) was the between-subjects factor and item-type (elevation and shape) was the within-subjects factor.
In Experiment 2, we separated these two concepts to determine whether the concepts conveyed in the speech accompanying pointing and tracing gestures (the most effective gestures in Experiment 1) would differentially facilitate participants' performance on the two specific kinds of topographic map items (elevation and shape items).
A visual assessment of the DSM for each plot indicated that the canopy surface became slightly more rugged with increased data thinning, but the overall canopy surface elevation and shape did not change.
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both location and shape
both elevation and slope
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com