In fact it is "scientism" (and by analogy the confusion of doctrines) that Flaubert is arraigning i.e., the practice of taking science out of its own domain, of confusing efficient and final causes, and of convincing oneself that one understands fundamentals when one has not even grasped the superficial phenomena.
Formal and material causes are internal, whereas efficient and final causes are external.
Aristotle had posited four kinds of cause: material, formal, efficient, and final.
The causes [aitia] in question are the four Aristotelian causes: formal, material, efficient, and final.
As an Aristotelian, Avicenna establishes formal, material, efficient and final causes.
Their contributions to the philosophy of causation emerge more from their discussions of the efficient and final causes.
Material and formal causes are considered as intrinsic to or immanent in their effects, efficient and final causes as extrinsic to their effects (Wisnovsky 2003b).
We often find in Aristotle and in the literature influenced by him an enumeration of four types of cause: formal, material, efficient and final.
Second, as he conceives it, causal inquiry proceeds within the context of an Aristotelian four-causal framework of explanatory adequacy: material, formal, efficient, and final.
Although Aristotle also discusses efficient and final causes, he falls short of a true understanding of creative causality because he abandons the hypothesis of the Forms.
