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Further Reading: Neapolitan (2004), Chapter 2; Pearl (2000), Chapter 2; Spirtes, Glymour and Scheines (2000), Chapter 3. Suppose that X and Y are both direct causes of Z, and that neither X nor Y is a direct cause of the other.
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Designing effective IPV prevention programmes involves identification of risk factors--both those that are direct causes of IPV, and those that point to common characteristics of victims and/or perpetrators thus allowing appropriate tailoring and targeting of services.
A high B.M.I., in Oliver's opinion, is most likely a proxy for things that are the direct causes of both obesity and disease, such as poor diet and lack of exercise.
First, removing direct causes of religious intolerance.
So if poverty and illiteracy aren't direct causes of terrorism, what are?
The direct causes of underperformance are numerous: capacity gaps, stagnant processes, outdated organisational models, and so on.
The more direct causes of Manchu-Tungus obsolescence, however, were deliberate government policies of Russification and Sinicization.
Hayward said it was "unwise" to speculate about the direct causes of the accident before investigations had been completed.
Everyone knows the direct causes of the present housing collapse: low interest rates, lax mortgage lending, rampant speculation.
(1 - 2) says that X is a direct cause of Y and that X and Y are direct causes of Z.
However, neurobiological deficits should not be viewed as direct causes of antisocial behavior.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com