23 While fitness estimates using these two types of assay are usually positively correlated, 24 the two types of fitness measures can only be equal when both density- and frequency-dependent selection are negligible.
Observations of ionospheric plasma density and frequency-dependent broadband plasma turbulence made during the heritage flight of the Plasma Local Anomalous Noise Experiment (PLANE) are presented.
Many examples of relationships between host abundance and disease prevalence exist throughout a wide range of ecosystems and taxa, governed by both density-dependent and frequency-dependent processes [66] [71].
His approach explicitly excluded the possibility of density- and frequency-dependent selection.
Total per-capita contact rates increased as a saturating function of density, supporting a transmission model intermediate between density- and frequency-dependent transmission.
During the past 50 years, evolutionary theory for animal behaviour has branched into different methodological frameworks focussing on age-, state-, density-, and frequency-dependent processes.
Of note, the main results of the density- and frequency-dependent effects on breeding success (Fig. 1A,B, S1, Table 1) were not biased by survival costs, as the survival of females was not yet affected by RE tactic or manipulations of frequencies and densities during their first breeding (Linear logit model, G<0.090, P>0.663 for all main effects and interactions).
To examine the robustness of our model and to provide justification for the incorporation of density- and frequency-dependent selection, we removed the assumptions of density-dependent relative fecundity, density-dependent somatic growth, or density-dependent natural mortality.
To conclude, this study is the first attempt to estimate selection differentials on life-history traits caused by recreational angling based on an ecologically realistic model incorporating density-dependent effects resulting in density- and frequency-dependent selection.
Previous studies investigating morph and morph specific mating frequencies in the damselfly Ischnura elegans suggest that male mating harassment may promote the maintenance of this sexual mating polymorphism in females through density- and frequency-dependent processes [ 19- 22].
The model accounts for multiple ecological feedbacks, which result in density-dependent and frequency-dependent selection.
