Both constant and periodically varying selection regimes were considered.
The formulation is implemented for both constant and quadratic elements.
Both constant and time-varying delays are considered.
PI is defined as the ratio between constant absorption and pulsatile absorption.
The results show that the helicity density quantifying the helical flow enlarges sharply with the increase of the taper under both steady and pulsatile flow conditions.
Consequently, a fair agreement between numerical and experimental data was observed in terms of flow characteristics, velocity profiles and wall shear stress (WSS) distributions under both steady and pulsatile flow conditions.
Common to both bulk and pulsatile explanations of hydrocephalus, pressure differentials are required to drive CSF flow.
Laskey et al. have demonstrated that both steady and pulsatile components of the PA vascular hydraulic load have considerable impact on exercise response in primary pulmonary hypertension [ 7].
The effective arterial elastance (Ea = 0.9*SAP/SV) is considered an integrative variable of arterial load that incorporates both steady and pulsatile elements [ 15, 19, 20].
It is unlikely that physics-based artifacts such as beam hardening and photon starvation account for these differences because these mechanisms would expected to be equally present in both stationary and pulsatile closed valves.
