An increasingly dense network of legislation has emerged, which now extends to all areas of environmental protection, including: air pollution control, water protection, waste management, nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, biotechnology and other industrial risks.
This debris arises from headwater forests undergoing harvesting, from moribund soil conservation and river control plantings of poplars and willows, and occasionally from areas of indigenous vegetation.
This provides new opportunities to test theories on invasiveness and to prioritize landscapes for conservation and possum control.
These measures have been implemented as part of a coordinated set of soil and water conservation, and sediment control polices.
Outside plantation forests, Populus and Salix species (often planted as single trees or wide-spaced groups of trees) are the most common exotic species and are used extensively for soil conservation and river control across New Zealand (Douglas et al. 2011).
Key factors included energy conservation and price controls.
This supports the view that some introduced species, many of which may be colonising species in their country of origin, may make excellent candidates for use in soil conservation and for controlling shallow landslide erosion (van Kraayenoord and Hathaway 1986).
Carnivore-herbivore natural dynamics are working partially, but population fluctuations and movements are stabilised by human interventions (e.g. by conservation hunting and controlled number and movements of reindeer).
We tested three different conservation treatments: command and control (CAC), payment for environmental services (PES) and community forest management (CFM).
Applying appropriate control to air conditioners will play an important role in energy conservation and power system control [6, 7, 8, 9].
