In both studies, (classical) factor analysis was conducted to assess structural validity [ 34, 41], and indicated that the instrument captured the dimensions intended to asses, providing positive evidence for structural validity.
From a mathematical perspective, LCA is closely related to the area of statistics known as "discrete mixture models" as well as to classical factor analysis.
Classical factor analysis may also have led to a conclusion of multidimensionality if parallel analysis was not applied [ 10- 13].
Then, the composite indicator of gender equality, i.e. the GES, expressed as factor scores obtained through classical factor analysis and used in a regression framework may provide less biased results than expected.
IRT can be considered an extension of classical factor analysis [ 26] and is a useful tool in test construction because it provides a framework for expressing characteristics of test-takers and test items on a uniform metric.
In contrast to classical joint factor analysis (JFA), the speaker and the channel variability are contained simultaneously in this new space.
Finally, we conclude in Section 7. In speaker recognition, unlike in classical joint factor analysis (JFA), the total variability approach defines a new low-dimensional space that is named total variability space, which contains the speaker and the channel variability simultaneously.
On the other hand, the best scoring Czech Republic is only fifth when classical (exploratory) factor analysis is employed.
The mean values based on the classical (exploratory) factor analysis scores are calculated as an average of the GES scores obtained by persons from a given country.
It must be noted, however, that from a technical point of view, it is possible to calculate the mean factor score corresponding to the average level of the latent variable in a particular group or country using principal component analysis, classical (exploratory) factor analysis or confirmatory factor analysis without ascertaining measurement equivalence.
