Oxybutynin and tolterodine have both been associated with cognitive adverse events and effects on sleep architecture and quality.
In a population of middle-aged adults without diabetes, we found that adiposity and a high level of HbA1c were both associated with poor cognitive performance in tests assessing processing speed.
Although we do not have information on diabetes control from all women, we used key proxy measures diabetes medication and duration of diabetes since they are likely important indicators of disease status and both have been associated with cognitive function (25).
A large amount of data have documented the clinical relevance of these lesions in non-headache people; WMHs have indeed been associated with cognitive impairment (both in terms of global cognition, executive function, mental and processing speed), long-term cognitive decline, gait disturbance and falls, stroke, death, depression and urinary incontinence [48, 53 60].
Both anxiety and depression are associated with cognitive biases such as anxiety sensitivity and attributional style.
In conclusion, both types of diabetes are associated with cognitive dysfunction.
We hypothesized a priori that plasma BDNF levels would be positively associated with cognitive functioning both in patients and in a healthy control group.
KA is an antagonist of the glutamatergic NMDA receptor and the cholinergic nicotinic α7-receptor and as such an endogenous protector against excitotoxicity [ 9]. High cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of KA have been associated with cognitive dysfunction both in animals [ 13] and in humans, including patients with schizophrenia [ 14, 15].
Thus, the subcortical GMV expansion occurs in structures that participate both in a prefrontal network commonly associated with cognitive control of action execution (Haber and McFarland 2001) and a limbic network that possibly serves attentional and motivational processes (Ongur and Price 2000).
