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Additionally, the ability of Jhd2 to associate with chromatin to modulate H3K4 methylation on both active and repressed genes has been reported [ 6].
As TFs are found at both active and repressed genes, it is unclear why their recruitment of DNMT would specifically result in the hypermethylation of repressed genes.
Strikingly, ATRX and DAXX associate with H3.3 in a HIRA-independent manner in ESCs, which may explain why H3.3 has dual roles at both active and repressed genes (Goldberg et al., 2010).
In rare cases genes were labeled with both active and repressed promoters.
Histone modifications can be dynamically added or removed and associate with both active and repressed regions of chromatin.
- It is thus likely that in both active and repressed genome regions, chromatin is folded by side condensation of 10-nm fibers into a compact structure that textbooks usually show to illustrate a possible way of forming heterochromatin (Fig. 1).
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Zhao, H. et al. PARP1- and CTCF-Mediated Interactions between Active and Repressed Chromatin at the Lamina Promote Oscillating Transcription.
Another possibility is that separate mechanisms result in the hypermethylation of active and repressed genes.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07205.004 10.7554/eLiFigure05.005 Figure 2. Active and repressed FLC-Venus transcriptional states are mitotically inherited.
Brg1 might function to facilitate dynamic changes in gene expression that occur during mesoderm induction or might be required to maintain active and repressed transcriptional states.
In flies, CBP and the PRC2 complex act antagonistically in the regulation of active and repressed chromatin states at Polycomb target genes by acetylation and methylation of H3K27, respectively (Fig. 2).
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