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Whether +50 represents an additional regulatory element or a "booster" element is not clear at this time.
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King Digital lets customers play its games for free but encourages spending on booster elements like extra lives.
Gartler and Riggs hypothesized that spreading of the inactivation signal involves some sort of booster elements that facilitate transmission along the chromosome [17].
Studies on the limited spreading of X inactivation in X;autosome translocations [18], [19] and in Xist transgenes inserted into autosomes [20] led to suggestions that these booster elements, or way stations, may not be exclusive to the X, but enriched there.
Furthermore, the role of LINE elements as cis-acting booster elements for spreading of Xist needs to be confirmed.
Gartler and Riggs (1983) proposed the existence of waystations or booster elements that promote the spread of inactivation, based on the limited inactivation of autosomal regions of X;autosome translocations, and Lyon proposed that long interspersed elements (LINEs) that are enriched on the X chromosome could be such waystations (Waterston et al. 2002; Ross et al. 2005; Lyon 2006).
The extent of autosomal silencing is variable, and to a lesser extent than typically observed on the X chromosome, leading Gartler and Riggs (10) to hypothesize that waystations, which act as booster elements to propagate the inactivation signal, are more frequent on the X chromosome than autosomes.
The ability of silencing to spread incompletely into autosomal material translocated to the X chromosome led to the description of an X inactivation centre (XIC) from which inactivation initiated, and waystations – booster elements that support and extend the capacity for spread along the X chromosome [ 4].
The Booster is a small heating element that is placed between the HME and the patient.
The 20 kHz vibration generated by the piezo element is amplified by the booster and the horn and transmitted to the sample to generate repeated stress.
The measured and calculated burnup of different spent fuel types, viz.: Natural uranium CANDU fuel bundles; 10.5% enriched booster rods; 20% enriched MTR fuel elements have been presented.
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