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We thus predicted that reward-related activation of the striatum would be maximal in the boost trials.
Additionally, under placebo, unexpected high gains (boost +50) were associated with higher midbrain activity relative to normal gains (+5, +25) and +10 boost trials (see Fig. 3b), in line with data from animal studies (e.g., [6]).
The rationale for the inclusion of such "boost" trials was the finding in animal research that unexpected wins lead to an increase in phasic activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons projecting (among other structures) to the NAcc [6].
The lesson for human vaccine development would seem to be that much effort should be spent in optimizing priming regimens in human DNA prime/viral boost trials, with emphasis on finding optimum intervals [52] and formulations rather than escalating DNA quantities.
Functional MRI results showed that monetary gains (standard gain plus boost trials vs. losses) in the placebo condition robustly increased activity in the rostral basal ganglia, in an area encompasing the globus pallidus and parts of the ventral striatum (Fig. 3a).
Additionally, in fourteen of the 94 trials, the so-called "boost trials", wins were unexpectedly doubled and participants won 10 cents after choosing 5 (a green "10" was shown as feedback on the screen) and 50 cents after choosing 25 (a green "50" was shown as feedback on the screen).
Similar(51)
The BOOST trial involved intracoronary administration of autologous bone marrow derived MSCs in patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention for acute STEMI's.
A limitation of the work presented here is that the short boosting interval BCG prime MVA85A boost trial and the long boosting interval trial previously published were not performed as a single study.
The immunogenicity results from this short interval BCG prime MVA85A boost trial were compared first with the BCG alone trial and second with a previous clinical trial where MVA85A vaccination was administered many years after vaccination with BCG.
The BOOST trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01462890) will hopefully address these questions.
The next EORTC "boost" trial 22881/10882 paid special attention to quality assurance, fibrosis and cosmetic scoring.
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