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Evidence of that chemical in an athlete's urine could mean the athlete has used a blood transfusion to boost endurance.
Even so, he said, the guilt of using EPO, a synthetic drug that helps boost endurance, had been eating at him.
A prosecutor in Modena has opened an investigation into whether Riccò violated Italy's antidoping laws by performing a transfusion, a method some athletes use to increase red blood cells and boost endurance.
In one of Landis's e-mail messages, which was obtained by The Times, Landis said that he and Armstrong, the seven-time Tour de France champion, had discussed the need to use blood transfusions to boost endurance.
He and five other members of the Finnish team were forced to admit, after testing, that they had taken drugs used to boost endurance or to mask the effects of other performance-enhancing drugs.
There's good evidence that in cycling and athletics the passport's introduction in the past few years has helped curb the widespread abuse of drugs that can boost endurance.
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Oxilofrine is thought to increase adrenaline production, boosting endurance, focus, alertness and heart rate and increasing oxygenation of the blood.
A subsequent Brazilian study, stimulating areas of the brain associated with effort and self-monitoring, boosted endurance performance in cycling.
L'Équipe, a French sports newspaper, reported that the lab tested urine samples retroactively as part of its research and discovered that six of Armstrong's samples had tested positive for EPO, a banned substance that boosts endurance.
In January, scientists from laboratories accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency will begin testing about 400 blood samples from Beijing, looking specifically for the EPO-like drug CERA, a previously undetectable drug that boosts endurance.
Topping off energy reserves from the get-go helps prevent bonking and boosts endurance, so anyone who exercises that long would benefit from 50 to 60 grams of carbs an hour.
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