Many of these injuries to the peroneal nerve are evident clinically or on electromyography and will not require imaging other than conventional X-rays for evaluation of bony trauma.
These include hip replacement and acetabular surgery, soft-tissue and bony trauma, burns, rare congenital diseases such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, rheumatologic diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, and neurological conditions including tumours of the central nervous system, encephalitis, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury.
In the opinion of several experts, cervical trauma causing ligamentous or bony injury has been listed as a contraindication for cervical arthroplasty [ 12– 12].
Domb [6] described a specific pattern of hip pain associated with a labral injury at the 3 o'clock or direct anterior position with no evidence of FAI, bony abnormality, trauma, or any other known cause of labral injury.
If a hemarthrosis develops within a few hours after the trauma in the absence of a bony injury there is a 70% chance of ACL injury [ 58].
These fractures are frequently the result of high-energy trauma, and the condition of the soft tissues often mirrors the underlying bony injury [4, 5, 6].
The current imaging recommendations in the trauma scenario include non-contrast CT evaluation and, where there has been a significant bony injury or there exists suspicion of ligamentous injury, MRI assessment may also be required.
Specifically, "the rectal examination may elicit reduced tone from spinal cord injury, bleeding from lower gastrointestinal trauma, bony penetration in pelvic fracture and a high-riding prostate associated with pelvic fracture, an indicator of potential urethral injury" [5].
Since 1910 the traditionally discussed explanations of the etiology of KD (negative ulnar variance, primary arterial ischemia, trauma (bony or ligamentous), hand-arm vibration (repeated microtrauma, repetitive trauma, repetitive strain)) have increasingly been replaced by other hypotheses.
Among the 15 most frequently discussed hypotheses that were referred to in at least 10 articles, at least 20% of published literature refuted a causal relationship for the following factors: trauma (bony or ligamentous); hand-arm vibration (repeated microtrauma, repetitive trauma, repetitive strain); embolism (infarction); genetic predisposition.
"Fragments or paste made from cadaver long bones are used in orthopedics to fill in large bony defects following massive trauma or surgical removal of tumors.
