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Mineral concentrations in the femoral bones were reduced in the OVX group.
Since the discovery of rudimentary and nonfunctional clavicles in ceratopsians, it was assumed that these shoulder bones were reduced in all dinosaurs that did not have true furculae.
However, histological analyses of decalcified adult bone tissues revealed that the number and thickness of trabecular bones were reduced in Cthrc1-null mice, compared with their wild-type littermates (data not shown).
Scapulae, clavicles, humeri, radii, ulnae and all hand bones were reduced in size and malformed.
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Previously we have shown that SOST expression in bones is reduced in PGISp mice [ 15].
25 These observations were supported by several in vivo studies, in which eroded surface and osteoclast surface of trabecular bone were reduced in tocotrienol-supplemented female animals.
The length and thickness of the long bones were reduced, with bowing and reduction in their endochondral ossification.
PTH treatment increased bone mineral content and density, bone formation rates, cortical bone area, cancellous bone area and trabecular number and thickness, but several indices of bone formation were reduced in the presence of continued alcohol consumption.
Both cartilage and bone destruction were reduced in TLR4 KO mice, although joint inflammation was comparable with WT mice.
Both cartilage pathology and bone destruction were reduced in VIP treated animals by the end of the experiment as revealed by histology.
Moreover, in both Tg and KO mice (Fig. 1B, C), trabecular bone spicules, comprised of hypertrophic cartilage cores and newly deposited bone, were reduced, especially in perinatal lethal subset (Fig. 1D, E).
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