Autologous bone grafts are the gold standard, but their clinical use is limited by donor site morbidity, availability, additional surgery, bone resorption at the recipient site, and difficulties with three-dimensional contouring [ 3, 4].
All samples yielded C/C ratios within normal ranges for the materials dated (usually bone), and no difficulties with any samples were reported by the radiocarbon laboratory.
Other factors independently associated with new rib fractures were lower hip bone mineral density, age 80 or older, and difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living.
Secondary outcomes were: pain, difficulty with specific hand activity and difficulty with usual hand activity.
Patients with broken bones and breathing difficulties were told to visit their GP or make their own way to hospital as ambulance services struggled to cope because many paramedics had joined the four-hour stoppage between 7am and 11am.
Manifestations usually occur during childhood and those affected present with bone pain and difficulty in walking due to rickets, or symptoms of renal stones such as abdominal pain and hematuria [ 2, 16].
Independent risk factors for an incident rib fracture were age 80 or above, low bone density, difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living, and a baseline history of rib/chest fracture.
Independent risk factors for an incident rib fracture (which represented 24% of all incident non-spine fractures) were age 80 or over, low bone mineral density, difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living, and a baseline history of rib or chest fracture.
All patients had symptoms of bone pain, fatigue and difficulty walking.
Software-associated difficulties with automated bone and implant identification necessitate manual analysis in some cases, which inevitably leads to a reduction in precision (Spittlehouse et al. 1999).
