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After a coarse segmentation of the larger vessels, bone was segmented using an adaptive intensity threshold based volume growing algorithm and subsequent morphologic operations as described earlier [ 18].
In order to produce two-dimensional lateral views of the hemimandibles for geometric morphometrics, the scans were oriented as follows: hemimandibles were outlined in the tomographic slices, and the bone was segmented using a visually determined threshold of 230 mg HA/ccm (this unit is a standard measure of optical x-ray density of materials).
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The T1 image was segmented using New Segment [ 64].
From the pre-operative MRI of the arthritic knee, the tibia bone, tibia cartilage, and fibula were segmented using commercial software (Avizo version 8.1.0, FEI, 5350 NE Dawson Creek Drive, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124 USA).
The CTA volumes were segmented using the Vitrea 6.7.4 software (Vital Images, Inc., Minnetonka, MN, USA) into skin, bone, muscle, and vascular models by the consultant radiologist.
The resulting gray-scale images were segmented using a low-pass filter to remove noise and a fixed threshold to extract the mineralized bone phase.
The resulting grey-scale images were segmented using a low-pass filter to remove noise, and a fixed threshold was employed to extract the mineralized bone phase.
A total of 49 bones were segmented, comprising approximately 33% of the total skeletal volume [13].
Periosteal and endosteal bone surfaces were segmented and used to calculate the characteristic cortical thickness, Tc, at 1 mm increments along the bone axis.
Images were filtered with a 3D Gauss filter, and bone and titanium were segmented individually using two distinct thresholds values, which were visually chosen.
Analysis of cortical bone was performed using a 0.49 mm long segment (or 100 tomograms) at 37% of the tibias' length from their proximal ends.
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