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The amount of new bone was quantified as a percentage of the bone area to the total area within the images using image analysis software, Image J (National Institute of Health, MD, USA) [ 22].
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Measurements were carried out on region of interest of 16x mag images and analysis utilized NIH/Scion Image J (Scion corp .. Newly osteoid bone was quantified and expressed as percentage and compared to isotype-matched control antibody.
The volume of removed bone was quantified and compared to the postoperative range of motion (ROM).
Proteins were quantified as above.
The relative amount of edema, calculated as the percentage of the total bone marrow area, was quantified as described in an earlier study in which bone marrow edema was assessed for a comparative analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) images and histopathology in osteoarthritis [ 15].
For osteoclast-resorptive function analyses, osteoclast differentiation was conducted in OsteoAssay bone plates (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland), and osteoclast activity was quantified as calcium release from bone into culture medium using a colorimetric calcium detection kit (Abcam, Cambridge, Massachusetts).
Lipid peroxidation was quantified as malondialdehyde [21].
Pigmentation was quantified as described [38].
Parasitemia was quantified as asexual parasites/mm3.
Mineralization was quantified as described.
Apoptosis was quantified as follows.
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