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In group 1, new bone was observed at week 4 and BM appeared at week 12, in groups 2 and 3, new bone was observed at week 8 and it was more mature at week 12, in contrast, the defect was not bridged in group 4 at week 12.
In the MSC-CM + anti-VEGF group, the defect was almost covered with fibrous connective tissue and fewer newly formed bone was observed at the cutting edge of the defect.
Woven bone was observed at the interface and also within the implant porosity in both treatment groups.
Callus formation had developed during the experimental period and bridging bone formation with the host bone was observed at 12 weeks postoperatively, resulting in bone union.
Corticalization and medullarization began from both the proximal end of the callus and the distal end, and then tubular formation by new cortical bone was observed at 4 weeks.
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No signs of postoperative infection or abnormal resorption of grafted bone were observed at 34 months after bone augmentation.
Osteoclasts invading the bone were observed at the front of erosions and suggested a periosteum-derived, sometimes granulomatous, tissue.
In our study, the most distinct differences between the right and left pastern bones were observed at 15% of the diaphyseal length, i.e. in the areas where the spongious substance is most abundant.
In three rats in the VEH group, woven bone formation was observed at the lateral and medial periosteal surfaces of the loaded (right) tibiae; however, no woven bone was observed in the ED groups.
However, in defects that were filled with scaffolds with a 3 mm passage, new bone formation was observed at the interfacial area between the scaffold and the host bone at eight weeks after implantation, suggesting union at the proximal and distal host bone-implant interfaces.
At 4 week, relatively small bone formation was observed at group 2, 3, 4. At 8 week, all group showed the aspect of complete mineralization (Fig. 1).
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os was observed at
bone was set at
bone was attached at
bone was detected at
bone was stored at
bone was preloaded at
bone was harvested at
bone was fixed at
bone was located at
bone was palpated at
bone was increased at
bone was established at
bone was demineralized at
bone was assessed at
bone was found at
bone was tested at
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