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However, synthetic bone substitutes such as hydroxyapatite or β-tricalcium phosphate have no osteoinductive or osteogenic abilities.
With the introduction of bone substitutes, such as calcium phosphate cement, it has been shown that augmentation around screws can be achieved without the drawbacks seen with PMMA.
Biodegradable polymer/bioceramic composite scaffolds can overcome the limitations of conventional ceramic bone substitutes such as brittleness and difficulty in shaping.
Some of bioactive ceramics are already used clinically as important bone substitutes, such as in artificial iliac crests, artificial vertebrae, artificial intervertebral discs, bone fillers, etc.
Additive manufacturing technique is a promising approach for fabricating cellular bone substitutes such as trabecular and cortical bones because of the ability to adjust process parameters to fabricate different shapes and inner structures.
Synthetic bone substitutes such as β-TCP are clinically very beneficial because donor site surgery can be avoided.
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Bone graft substitutes, such as demineralized bone matrix (DBM), have been developed to overcome the limitations of both autografts and allografts [23].
The long-term impact of these complications on patient function and well-being has not been established but is critical in determining the value of expensive bone graft substitutes such as recombinant bone morphogenic protein.
Particularly, calcium phosphate-based synthetic bone graft substitutes such as calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics are of great interest, as they resemble chemical composition of bone mineral and are therefore not only biocompatible but also bioactive.
Bone graft substitutes such as calcium phosphates are subject to the innate inflammatory reaction, which may bear important consequences for bone regeneration.
Bone graft substitutes, such as DBM, are usually incorporated within a carrier liquid.
More suggestions(15)
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bone implants such as
bone conditions such as
bone sarcomas such as
bone disorders such as
bone neoplasms such as
bone tumours such as
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bone lesions such as
bone injuries such as
bone abnormalities such as
bone diseases such as
bone measures such as
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