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Adult bone mass is a function of both bone size and density [23]; both these variables influence fracture risk [24,25].
In conclusion, we found positive associations of maternal prepregnancy BMI with offspring bone size and density at the TBLH and spine, and our multivariable analyses and parental comparisons suggest that these relations are largely due to genetic and environmental characteristics related to offspring adiposity in childhood and are unlikely to be attributable to an intrauterine mechanism.
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An older study that utilized radiological assessment of the bone density in the second metacarpal of normal women and those with pregnancy induced hypertension using the microdensitometry method showed subtle changes in the bone size and densities at various gestations of the pregnancies, but were unable to show a clear-cut difference in the BMD between the tow groups [ 10].
Fracture risk ultimately depends on two factors: the mechanical strength of bone (determined by both bone size and volumetric density) and the forces applied to it.
The main outcome measures included new bone size and its bone mineral density (BMD).
In this study, we measured only bone size and not bone mineral density, which may be important in the initiation and progression of OA [ 31- 33].
We assumed that looking at the DXA difference between the most affected and contralateral side would correct at least partly for the biological variation in bone sizes and bone density.
Although the FDA guidelines do not specify which strain of rat to use, it is important to be aware that there can be differences in bone mineral density, bone size, and biomechanical bone strength among inbred rat strains [ 29].
Physical activity's positive effect on adolescents' health in general is well stated, 8 and so is its positive association to bone health measured as bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), bone size and strength.
The risk of these fractures is determined by skeletal factors, including bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover, architecture, bone size, and skeletal geometry, together with non-skeletal factors associated with falling.
It has been suggested that areal bone mineral density only partly corrects for bone size and that adjustment of bone mineral content for bone area, weight, and height is desirable.
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