Snakes and many extinct reptilian groups have teeth on the palatal bones (vomer, palatine, pterygoid) and on the bones of the upper jaw (premaxilla, maxilla).
When the upper jaw bit down on an object, force was transmitted up through the maxilla, the primary tooth-bearing bone of the upper jaw, into surrounding skull bones.
The method described in this paper uses the bone protrusion on the upper part of the skull and the falx cerebri fold in the lower part to accurately locate the position of the ideal midline, since these anatomical features change very little with midline shift in the brain.
Another alleged diagnostic feature is the presence of an entepicondylar foramen (an opening near the distal, or far, end of the bone) on the humerus (upper arm bone); however, Sarmiento found this feature in 4 out of 11 specimens, and on one side of a fifth, and Stump noted that the foramen occurred in specimens from across the potto's range.
The implant on the lower jaw required a reverse torque of 58 Ncm to be removed from the alveolar bone, and the upper one a 45 Ncm torque.
The outside surface of the maxilla (upper jaw bone) and the upper surface of the nasal bone on the roof of the snout were not nearly as rough-textured as those of Giganotosaurus or Carcharodontosaurus. Long, low ridges arose from the nasal bones, running along each side of the snout from the nostril back to the eye, where they continued onto the lacrimal bones.
I fractured the humerus (the long bone in the upper arm) while visiting a restaurant.
The ulnar collateral ligament, which connects the humerus bone in the upper arm to the ulna bone in the lower arm, is under attack in major league baseball.
In our case, it was thought that the likely mechanism of injury was due to a combination of tractional and torsional force, together with direct pressure on the proximal forearm bones from the upper crutch ring as postulated in the previous case reports [2, 3, 4].
