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One possible hint for the effect is the fact that it is known that the bone microenvironment is a very stressful environment, owing mostly to intense mechanical stresses.
This component of the bone microenvironment is a rich source of chemokines, cytokines and growth and angiogenic factors that support the proliferation and differentiation of these cells [ 2].
It is now accepted that the ratio of PPi to phosphate (Pi) within the bone microenvironment is a fundamental regulator of the level of mineralisation [2,3].
The bone microenvironment is a rich milieu of different cell types, with each having a specific role on tumor cells both that metastasize to the bone and to other sites.
These data confirm our hypothesis that breast CSCs-like show osteotropism and indicate that the human bone microenvironment is a particularly favourable soil because their number significantly increased in bone.
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Typically, secondary tumor formation within the bone microenvironment is considered a function of bone resorption because the degrading bone mineral matrix releases bioactive ions and growth factors critical to the proliferation of both normal and transformed cells [4], [11], [36], [37].
The interaction between prostate cancer cells and normal cells in a bone microenvironment is important for survival and proliferation of metastatic cancer cells.
However, the applicability of these substrates to the bone microenvironment is limited, due to the inability to achieve a sufficiently high elastic modulus that is relevant to mineralized bone tissue.
The bone microenvironment is exposed to many growth factors and cytokines that provide a fertile 'soil' for cancer cells, making bone a preferred site of metastasis in advanced cancer.
The bone microenvironment is also hypoxic [19].
Moreover, the bone microenvironment is known to support tumor growth in leukemia, myeloma and solid tumor bone metastasis [10], [11], [12], [13].
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