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Temporal release of dual growth factors, combined with enriched Stro-1 + HBMSCs, improved the formation of a highly structured bone matrix compared to single release modalities.
Similarly, Alizarin red combined with haematoxylin staining revealed well organised osteocytic cells in the normal bone matrix compared to OA.
On day 21, induced cultures showed clear signs of enhanced AP activity and also an increased secretion of mineralized bone matrix compared to controls.
MicroCT analysis and osteocalcin staining show that the biomimetic CSEP/β-TCP graft formed more bone matrix compared to the other groups.
At the microscopic (matrix) scale, nanoindentation revealed a decrease of elasticity and a slight increase of the resistance to plastic deformation (i.e. less plastic deformation) in the oim bone matrix compared to wild type mice.
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Surface chemistry analysis has shown higher Ca/P ratio in this mineralized matrix compared to native bone.
A possible limitation of DXR may be that it allows measurement of BMD only in the cortical partition; this is because of the minor bone metabolism of cortical bone matrix compared with trabecular bone tissue.
The cells cultured on nanotubular surfaces showed higher adhesion, proliferation, ALP activity and bone matrix deposition compared to those grown on flat titanium surfaces.
Studies have shown that TCP/HA, as a composite, encouraged greater bone matrix synthesis compared to hydroxyapatite (HA) or tricalcium phosphate (TCP) alone [ 29, 32].
Biological studies demonstrate that human fetal osteoblasts seeded on to the composite scaffolds display enhanced cell adhesion, penetration, proliferation, differentiation and osteogenic expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin and bone matrix protein when compared to pristine collagen or tissue culture plates.
Additionally, van den Bos et al. [ 44] reported that calvarial bone exhibited differences in matrix composition compared to long bone, including degree of mineralization, amounts of collagen, osteoglycin, and pigment epithelium derived factor.
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