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Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OHAP, HAP) is a calcium phosphate salt and being used as an artificial bone material due to its biocompatibility, bioactivity, osteoconductivity, nontoxicity, nonimmunogenicity, and noninflammatory behavior.
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Magnesium alloys have been advocated as potential artificial bone materials due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability.
Nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) is a widely accepted bone substitute material due to its biocompatibility and intrinsic osteoconductive properties.
Synthetic hydroxyapatite has found extensive use as a bone replacement material due to its chemical similarity to the apatites found in vertebrates.
Bovine-derived xenograft has been widely used as a bone graft material due to abundant sources and accessible processing, which can provide an osteoconductive scaffold and has a mineral content comparable to that of human bone allowing it to integrate with the host bone.
PLGA with 15 mol% glycolide is preferred for use as a bone implant material due to the fact that regeneration process is slow and takes a long time; the complete degradation of PLGA (85 : 15 molar ratio) takes five to six months [ 16, 17].
Following 14 days of incubation the generated tissue showed histological characteristics of bone-like material due to the characteristic eosinophilic staining, a positive staining for collagen trichrome and a positive specific staining for osteocalcin and collagen 1. Macroscopically, this tissue appeared in aggregates of between 0.5 cm and 2 cm.
Pullout sutures are prone to elongation or abrasion of the suture material due to the length of the bone tunnel.
From a biological point of view, autologous bone is still considered to be the optimal augmentation material due to its osteogenic, osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties [1, 34].
With current bone graft and prosthesis manufacturing methods, making a device from a patient specific image or out of an unusual material, due to a patient allergy to chromium for example, is prohibitively expensive and time consuming.
Calcium phosphate minerals are mostly known as bone substitutive materials due to their outstanding biocompatibility [10].
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