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Thus, osteoblasts and bone lining cells that are thought to reside on the endosteal surfaces may experience very high shear stress during LMHF loading.
It has been suggested that BMU is covered by a canopy of cells (possibly bone lining cells) that form the bone remodeling compartment (BRC) [ 13].
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Bone lining cells appear microscopically as relatively undifferentiated cells that line the bone.
However, osteoblast lineage cells that are found within the subendosteal niche include osteoprogenitor cells, quiescent bone lining cells, and active osteoblasts [11], [24].
Bone remodeling is a highly complex cycle that is achieved by the concerted actions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and bone lining cells [ 3].
Moreover, the bone lining cells, together with other bone cells, are an important component of the BMU, an anatomical structure that is present during the bone remodeling cycle [ 9].
Bone lining cells lineup the resting surface.
The endosteal surface of bones is covered not only by a heterogeneous cell population called bone lining cells [11], [24], but also by actively bone-producing osteoblasts [24].
Osteoprogenitor cells in turn give rise to and maintain the osteoblasts that synthesize new bone matrix on bone forming surfaces, the osteocytes within bone matrix that support bone structure, and the protective lining cells that cover the surface of quiescent bone.
The function of osteocytes is considered as inactive osteoblasts or bone lining cells [3] that undergo programmed cell death [3], [4].
Bone lining cells are quiescent flat-shaped osteoblasts that cover the bone surfaces, where neither bone resorption nor bone formation occurs [ 50].
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