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These cytoplasmic processes are connected to other neighboring osteocytes processes by gap junctions, as well as to cytoplasmic processes of osteoblasts and bone lining cells on the bone surface, facilitating the intercellular transport of small signaling molecules such as prostaglandins and nitric oxide among these cells [ 66].
The BRC seems to be connected to bone lining cells on bone surface, which in turn are in communication with osteocytes enclosed within the bone matrix [ 13, 14].
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The secretory activity of bone lining cells depends on the bone physiological status, whereby these cells can reacquire their secretory activity, enhancing their size and adopting a cuboidal appearance [ 52].
Bone lining cells lineup the resting surface.
The endosteal surface of bones is covered not only by a heterogeneous cell population called bone lining cells [11], [24], but also by actively bone-producing osteoblasts [24].
Bone lining cells appear microscopically as relatively undifferentiated cells that line the bone.
The function of bone lining cells is not well clear, but these cells seem to play an important role in coupling bone resorption to bone formation [ 9].
stimulate progenitor cell recruitment and activate formerly quiescent bone lining cells.
This observation suggests that stromal cells in the marrow may be a more important source of new bone than lining cells on trabecular surfaces.
Thus, osteoblasts and bone lining cells that are thought to reside on the endosteal surfaces may experience very high shear stress during LMHF loading.
This fluid flow creates shear stress on the plasma membrane of osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoblasts, which therefore respond accordingly [ 20].
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