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In particular, age related bone impairment has been widely reported in PKU patients, mainly by using radiological methods (5 8).
Among these complications, bone impairment of uncertain etiology has been widely documented, using both radiological and ultrasound methods [5] [9] and it is typically associated with increasing age.
Similarly, bone impairment was also observed in the 18 patients aged >15 years, (AD-SoS SDS = −1.04±1.34 and BTT SDS = −1.04±1.24; both parameters, p<0.001).
Bone impairment in PKU seems to reflect the relative preponderance of OC activity, with disruption of the physiological homeostatic equilibrium between bone formation and resorption [35].
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inborn error of metabolism often complicated by a progressive bone impairment of uncertain etiology, as documented by both ionizing and non- ionizing techniques.
Even though our group previously reported the presence of spontaneous osteoclastogenesis in PKU patients, this work describe a novel link between osteoclastogenesis and the immune system in the pathogenesis of bone impairment in PKU.
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Animal studies indicate that young animals might absorb more Cd than adults and be more susceptible to bone impairments (Ogoshi et al. 1989).
Inhalation exposure of Cd has been associated with lung cancer and respiratory system damage (Chan et al. 1988; Davison et al. 1988; Nawrot et al. 2006; Smith et al. 1976; Stayner et al. 1992; Thun et al. 1985), and chronic oral exposure may lead to kidney and bone impairments (Åkesson et al. 2005; Nogawa et al. 1990).
For the first time, we have evaluated trabecular bone texture impairment in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to healthy controls.
Patients with renal, hepatic or bone marrow impairment, HIV infection, prior chemotherapy or stereotactic biopsy were excluded.
The critically ill are at high risk for receiving RBC transfusion [ 11], and this is partly due to bone marrow impairment and inappropriately low plasma erythropoietin levels.
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