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Osteoclasts are the bone resorbing counterparts to bone forming osteoblasts.
In bone healing, macrophages and T- and B-cells interact with progenitor cells, bone forming osteoblasts and remodeling osteoclasts.
Scaffolds loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 7 adenovirus (adBMP7) were able to sustain release of adBMP7 for up to 21 days and support cell proliferation and differentiation to bone forming osteoblasts.
This adaptive process is governed by mechanosensitive osteocytes that transduce the mechanical signals into chemical responses, i.e. the osteocytes release signaling molecules, which orchestrate the recruitment and activity of bone forming osteoblasts and/or bone resorbing osteoclasts.
Recent studies have gradually elucidated that transplanted osteoprogenitor cells are not only a source of bone forming osteoblasts, they appear to play multiple roles, such as recruitment of endogenous osteoprogenitor cells and immunomodulatory function, at the forefront of bone regeneration.
Bone remodeling relies on the tightly regulated interplay between bone forming osteoblasts and bone digesting osteoclasts.
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Since proper bone remodeling is determined by a delicate balance between the bone-forming osteoblasts and the bone-resorbing osteoclasts, the observed osteoporosis in Id1−/− mice could be a consequence of decreased osteoblast activity, increased osteoclast activity, or both.
HSP27, HSP47, and HSP70 are highly expressed in bone-forming osteoblasts of rat bone demonstrated by immunohistochemistry [ 39].
In developing bone, Hif-1 generated signals are required for angiogenesis, which appears to be necessary for initial specification of bone-forming osteoblasts.
In addition, other studies have demonstrated the presence of adiponectin receptors and transcription, translation, and secretion of the adiponectin protein in human bone-forming osteoblasts.
These cells are defined by their expression of the cell surface antigen F4/80 and are usually located close to bone surfaces where they form a canopy over bone-forming osteoblasts.
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