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No radiographic abnormalities consistent with ectopic bone formation were reported in follow-up.
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The process of bone formation is reported to first involve osteoblast proliferation followed by increased ALP activity.
Increased sensitivity to load due to a lower threshold for initiating bone formation was also reported with this mouse [ 83].
Using these three regenerative methods, a wide range of new bone formation percentages were reported.
Although the geranylgeraniol compound has been reported to have influence on osteoblast formation [ 24], abnormalities in bone formation were not observed in any of the rats.
We have previously reported that circulating biomarkers of bone resorption were substantially elevated during critical illness whereas markers of bone formation were low [1].
Indeed, rhBMP-7 is approved for the treatment of non-unions of long bones and the pelvis, and for posterior lumbar fusion in humans [ 45]. rhBMP-7 is frequently used in humans, however, adverse effects, such as ectopic bone formation, are only occasionally reported [ 45- 47].
High levels of bone mineral density and bone formation have been reported in sFRP1 knockout mice [ 26, 27], and sFRP1 knockout also leads to endochondral bone formation [ 28] and may even speed up fracture healing in animals [ 29].
Similar greater increments of markers of bone formation over bone resorption were reported in the first 1 3 months of treatment when PICP, OC, and P1NP were measured (Kurland et al 2000; Finkelstein et al 2006).
Yet, direct evidence that Epo stimulates osteopoiesis or bone formation is scarce and reports are often at odds with each other.
In fact, more or less similar amounts of bone formation have been reported in studies evaluating human sinus biopsies after grafting with a variety of biomaterials (bone formation ranging approximately from 30 to 50%) [19].
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