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All had "painful bone exposure," as is typical with the condition, and "were unresponsive to surgical or medical treatments," Dr. Marx wrote.
Three patients showed recurred bone exposure and infection after operation.
Three patients showed repeated bone exposure and infection after initial operation.
However, the symptoms became more serious and bone exposure around the dental implants appeared.
A disadvantage of using guides is the need of sufficient bone exposure for correct placement.
The patients were admitted for extensive wounds with bone exposure from October 2010 to December 2011.
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The earliest descriptions of BRONJ were published in 2003 (Fliefel et al. 2015), including a letter to the editor by Marx (Marx 2003) who identified 36 cases of painful jaw bone exposures that were unresponsive to surgical or medical treatments.
Distally based compound flaps (including musculocutaneous, fasciomusculocutaneous, osteocutaneous, and myo-osteocutaneous flaps) of the sural nerve and lesser saphenous vein have been used for the repair and coverage of lower leg ulcers, osteomyelitis, bone exposures, and exposed internal hardware [6, 12].
Tibia bone Pb exposure was categorized into quartiles based on the exposure of the control group as follows: first (0 5.91 μg/g), second (5.92 10.40 μg/g), third (10.41 15.50 μg/g), and fourth (≥ 15.51 μg/g).
Finally, calcaneus bone Pb exposure was categorized into quartiles based on the exposure of the control group as follows: first (0 11.70 μg/g), second (11.71 19.07 μg/g), third (19.08 25.28 μg/g), and fourth (≥ 25.29 μg/g).
Whether PTH is catabolic or anabolic in the skeleton depends on the manner in which the hormone is presented to bone; sustained exposure to elevated PTH levels, as seen in hyperparathyroidism, results in bone loss whereas intermittent exposure, as occurs following PTH injection, increases bone mass.
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