It has been advocated that the dual blockade approach of ACE inhibitors and ARBs theoretically should result in improved outcomes in both cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease which are usually associated with bone disturbances [ 41].
The importance of these CKD-associated mineral and bone disturbances has been increasingly acknowledged and greatly associated with the progression of renal failure, as well as with increased rates of cardiovascular events and mortality [ 7, 14].
Therefore, genetically mediated BMP-2 deficiency leads to increased bone fragility, disturbance of endochondral osteogenesis, and mineralization of the bone matrix [ 85, 86].
Bi-allelic CYP24A1 mutations can cause idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH), adult-onset nephrocalcinosis, and possibly bone metabolism disturbances.
One cause could be a local bone-circulation disturbance.
However, the clinical use of 5-FU is limited by its gastrointestinal toxicity, hematologic side effects and severe bone marrow disturbances.
Bone growth disturbances may be observed after irradiation of the immature and growing skeleton and are greater in younger patients or at puberty and with high doses.
Bone growth disturbances are observed after irradiation of the immature skeleton and are greater in younger patients and with high doses.
Patients with metabolic bone disease, growth disturbance (e.g. osteochondrodysplasia and congenital heart disease) were excluded, as well as patients with previous spine or pelvic surgery.
Various side effects such as severe nausea, vomiting, nephrotoxicity, myelosuppression and neurotoxicity were noted after cisplatin administration, whereas gastrointestinal disturbances, acute nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, alopecia baldness, neurologic disturbances, bone marrow, aplasia, cumulative cardio toxicity and bone marrow depressant effects due to doxorubicin administration [26].
